5 Types of Vaccines Available Today

Admin • November 22, 2022

The first vaccine became available in 1798, and scientists have developed many other vaccines since then. Today, with technology taking center stage in the medical industry, vaccines help to protect billions of people from many preventable diseases. The vaccines are of different types, depending on the targeted pathogen.


This blog post discusses the common vaccine types in existence today.


1. Live Attenuated Vaccines


Scientists can weaken or attenuate a virus or bacteria and use the pathogen for immunization. The first step is to find a virus or bacterial strain that can activate an immune response but won't actually cause diseases.


Typically, you won't need an additional dose of this type of vaccine because the immune system usually reacts better to live pathogens. Since this method is easier, most of the first vaccines contained attenuated viruses.


2. Inactivated Vaccine


While attenuated vaccines have live pathogens, inactivated vaccines consist of dead bacteria or viruses. You will need repeated doses since the dead pathogens can't replicate. However, this vaccine can be effective because antibodies can't influence it, which is why infants and people who just received medication that contains antibodies typically take the inactivated vaccine.


The process of creating an inactivated vaccine starts when the virus grows in a culture medium. During the growth, the producers will study the virus and identify the ideal conditions. 


When the virus reaches maturity, producers use heat to inactivate — or kill — the virus. Usually, the first dose of this vaccine type will activate your immune system, but the system only develops an immune response after the second or later doses.


3. Toxoid Vaccines


If you want long-term protection against bacterial diseases, consider toxoid vaccines. The vaccine uses weak versions of certain bacteria called toxoids. These toxoids are weakened types of toxins with less toxicity but effective immunogenicity.


While toxoid vaccines lack the toxicity of live bacteria, the vaccine will still induce a strong immune system response. Moreover, the vaccine can withstand extreme humidity, temperature, and light and is more stable. Toxoid vaccines are often the main form of immunization against tetanus and botulism.


4. Viral Vector Vaccine


A viral vector vaccine inserts genetic substances of a specific antigen into a cell via a viral vector. The genetic material includes the genetic matter of an antigen inside the modified form of a virus. The viral vector virus is harmless and won't cause any infection. In addition, the genetic material won't embed itself into your genome.


Vaccine producers typically modify the viral vector so that the virus won't replicate once inside the host. Similarly, while other vaccines only lead to humoral immunity, viral vector vaccines can result in the stronger cytotoxic T-cell response. 


The viral vector vaccine became popular for immunization during the COVID-19 pandemic. For example, vaccines such as Sputnik V use modified chimpanzee viruses to offer protection against the covid-19 virus.


5. Polysaccharide, Conjugate, Recombinant, and Subunit Vaccines


These vaccines only use specific parts of the virus or germ. As a result, the immune system response can be quite aggressive, although it may not be as strong as that for the whole germ or virus. You will also need vaccine top-ups to boost the immune response.


Nevertheless, these vaccines are appropriate for people with weak immune systems or certain medical conditions.


The main differences between these vaccines are.


  • Subunit vaccines use the surface of a virus or a germ
  • Recombinant vaccines are a result of genetic engineering
  • Conjugate vaccines use two unique parts of a virus or bacteria
  • Polysaccharide vaccines have sugar particles from the exterior section of the virus or bacteria


Sometimes, you may need multiple types of vaccines to trigger the required immune response. 


Get Compensation for Vaccination Injuries


Vaccines should protect you from diseases and boost your health. However, improper or incorrect vaccine administration can cause injuries and other side effects. 


When this happens, Black McLaren Jones Ryland & Griffee PC will help you to get compensation. Contact us for more information.

Close-up of a syringe filled with an orange liquid, held by a gloved hand, against a white backgroun
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The Vaccine Injured Petitioners Bar Association (“VIP Bar”) is a national, nonpartisan organization of attorneys who represent individuals and families seriously injured by vaccines and who rely on the Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (“VICP”) for legal compensation for their pain and suffering, medical expenses, future medical care, and lost wages. The VIP Bar strongly supports safe, effective, and evidence-based vaccination schedules as a cornerstone of public health. At the same time, the VIP Bar unequivocally opposes the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s recent decision to revise the childhood and adolescent immunization schedule by changing routine recommendations for Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, influenza, meningitis, rotavirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and COVID-19 vaccines. This change was not properly vetted by The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (“ACIP”) or supported by newly published safety or efficacy data, nor was it grounded in any emerging scientific consensus, rendering the decision both unjustified and deeply concerning. The CDC’s role in public health is to promote disease prevention and transmission reduction through clear, consistent, and science-driven vaccine recommendations. Removing or materially altering routine recommendations sends a confusing and destabilizing message to parents, providers, and the public, regardless of whether those vaccines remain technically “available.” Recommendation status matters. It influences uptake, confidence, and trust in the entire immunization framework. Abrupt changes that are untethered from new evidence risk undermining public confidence and trust not only in the affected vaccines, but in the CDC’s immunization guidance as a whole. The most immediate and severe consequences of this decision will be borne by future vaccine-injured individuals and their families. The Vaccine Injury Compensation Program, established through bipartisan congressional effort, exists to ensure that those who suffer rare but serious vaccine injuries have access to timely, no-fault compensation while preserving broad immunization coverage. By changing routine recommendations, the CDC jeopardizes access to this essential legal safety net. With further erosion of the recommended immunization schedule, families whose children are injured by these vaccines could find themselves excluded from the VICP altogether, left without meaningful recourse for lifelong medical needs, disability, and pain and suffering. Contrary to some public narratives, pushing vaccine-injured individuals into civil litigation is not a viable alternative to the Vaccine Injury Compensation Program. Civil courts operate under strict evidentiary and procedural rules that do not apply in Vaccine Court, including heightened liability and causation standards and rigid admissibility requirements that would, in most cases, foreclose recovery altogether. Vaccine injury claims litigated in civil court would also be forced into protracted multidistrict litigation, where cases routinely take 10 years to litigate without any reasonable expectation of compensation to the injured victims. The experience of recent vaccine-related multidistrict litigations underscores this reality. Litigation involving Zostavax, the shingles vaccine, has been pending for approximately seven years, and litigation involving Gardasil, the HPV vaccine, has been ongoing for roughly five years since the earliest cases were filed, with more than three years spent in centralized multidistrict proceedings. In both litigations, the overwhelming majority of cases have been dismissed on legal and evidentiary grounds, with no global settlement and no meaningful compensation paid to injured claimants. These outcomes demonstrate that while potentially appropriate/necessary in certain circumstances, overall, limiting vaccine injury claims to the slow, unforgiving and expensive forum of civil litigation will mean no relief for the vast majority of vaccine-injured individuals. The CDC should be strengthening and expanding evidence-based vaccine recommendations where science supports them, not withdrawing long-standing protections without justification. Public health challenges continue to evolve, and ongoing threats such as influenza, RSV, pneumonia, and meningitis demand rigorous evaluation and clear guidance. Retreating from established recommendations for vaccines long relied upon by families and providers represents a step backward at a time when public health leadership is most needed. This action also represents an early and troubling step toward undermining the Vaccine Injury Compensation Program itself. The VICP is a foundational component of the nation’s vaccination framework, balancing widespread immunization with fairness to those harmed in service of the public good. Weakening this program will predictably increase vaccine hesitancy, decrease vaccination rates, and heighten the risk of outbreaks of once-preventable diseases. The United States’ public health vaccination policy cannot reach its full potential without a robust federal compensation program—namely, the Vaccine Injury Compensation Program—to address the rare but serious adverse events that can result from vaccines. Equally concerning is the CDC’s reclassification of several vaccines from “recommended” to “shared clinical decision-making,” a change that carries no meaningful clinical benefit but could lead to devastating legal consequences. Shared decision-making has always existed in medical practice. Even under routine CDC recommendations, physicians and patients regularly discuss individual risks, contraindications, and medical history before vaccination. This rebranding does nothing to improve patient care or informed consent, yet may dramatically undermine access to the VICP. HHS has helped no patients with this move and further action may strip future vaccine-injured individuals of access to real compensation. VIP Bar urges the CDC and the Department of Health and Human Services to reconsider this course, to reaffirm their commitment to evidence-based policymaking, and to preserve the integrity of the Vaccine Injury Compensation Program. Public health and justice are not competing values. They are inseparable. The United States’ public health vaccination framework cannot function effectively without a durable, transparent compensation system—namely, the Vaccine Injury Compensation Program—that ensures those rare individuals who are injured are cared for while the broader population remains protected. 
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